Business Aticate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Aticate - Essay Example tion and bribery in Saudi Arabia is rife but it is all because the Saudis â€Å"have different way of doing business and that has also contributed to the western perception.† Giving the genesis of the complaints the westerns he says that this perception was developed in the oil boom years and in modernization drive. Actually, those were the Americans European corporations which paid the huge bribes to the well connected Saudi agent to get lucrative deals in the kingdom. The complaints have become less common as the western have grown more familiar with the Saudi ways and it is relatively a â€Å"calmer business environment.† The reason of dying out the above mentioned perceptions was the â€Å"availability of excess cash† which helped promoting wasteful consumption. In the subheading â€Å"Business Ethics† (207) Well says, â€Å" the bottom line is that what a Western observer call bribery or influencing paddling does not have the same taint to Saudi. For the Saudi, providing a personal connection as legitimate business service, for which it is natural to expect be paid. In the past, payment has meant whatever the market would bear--------- in other words, whatever you can get away with. But in recent years, the Saudi government---- sensitive to the Western cries of corruption------ has regulated agents â€Å"fee† more closely. -------- For some observes, ‘corrupt† mean departing from locally accepted norms of behavior, in which case the Saudis are merely following their own cultural traditions. Such practices, indeed, are common throughout the Middle East. You might have a less forgiving view, but that’s your business. Literally.† Well coins a phrase of â€Å"mental compartment† to explain the pattern of thinking of the Saudis. â€Å"What this means is that the Saudis tend to see a choice from only one point of view at a time, and to ignore its possible consequences in different areas.†(214) Riad is of the view â€Å"since its[Saudi Arabia] out of the former Ottoman

Philosophy of Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Classroom Management Essay My philosophy on classroom management begins with learning and being familiar with the various rolls that a teacher plays on an everyday basis. I didn’t know until taking this course that a teacher assumes so many rolls during the day. He or she takes on rolls such as: a parent, a social worker, an advisor, a counselor, and a judge. During my classroom observations and readings, I have learned that I will run into different types of students. There will be the bully, leader, follower, instigator, and the escape goat who in other words is the victim. In order to find out who and what is what, the students would have to be in groups to pin point who is playing what roll. There will also be times when I will run into parents of my students. Since reading our text my eyes have really been open on how and what to say to a parent. The first thing I would say as a teacher when I see something that is unusual about a student, I would tell the parent that I concurred with his or her child. Then I would proceed to tell the facts that I gathered to let him or her know that I feel something negative has happened. I feel that as the teacher I should know what is going on in every part of my classroom at all times. To help with my classroom surveillance, I will use witnesses momentum, smoothness, group alerting, accountability, overlapping and satiation. All of these will contribute to my teaching profession. According to Dreikur and the Canters, there are five types of teachers (Charles, 2008). Dreikur states that I could be an autocratic, democratic, or a permissive teacher. The autocratic teacher makes his or her own decisions whereas the democratic teacher is an opinionated educator. Finally, there is the permissive teacher who is the unpredictable teacher. The Canters defined three types of teachers. The hostitle teacher views the students as adversaries. The non-assertive teacher takes a passing approach to students, and last but not least the assertive teacher clearly, confidently, and consistently, expresses class expeditions to students. After reading C.M. Charles book â€Å"Building Classroom Discipline†, I learned what a teacher should say and do to and for his or her students. According to Dreikur, teachers should always speak in positive terms. Teachers should encourage students to strive for improvement, not perfection. Emphasis should be placed on students’ strengths while minimizing their weaknesses and teachers should help students learn from mistakes. Independence should be greatly encouraged along with the assumption of responsibility. I would set to accomplish the latter task by letting my students know that I have faith in them and I would show pride in their work. I would be very optimistic and enthusiastic and use encouraging remarks such as â€Å"You have improved,† and â€Å"Can I help you† (Charles, 2008). There are five types of behaviors that I know will occur in my class. The first behavior is aggression. Aggression is physical and verbal attack on the teacher, students or property. Secondly is immorality which are acts contrary to accepted morality such as cheating, lying, and stealing. Defiance of authority is the third behavior that will possibly occur in my classroom. Defiance of authority is when students refuse to do what is requested. Finally, class disruption is talking loudly, walking about the room, clowning, tossing things, and goofing off. Goofing off can be attributed to fooling around, out of seat, not doing assigned tasks and daydreaming. Fredric Jones’ analysis of the numerous classroom observations uncovered five clusters of teacher skills that keep students productively at work and thus preventing misbehavior. Those clusters deal with classroom structure to discourage behavior; getting through body language; using say, see, and do teaching to maximize students’ attention and involvement; responsibility training through incentive system, and providing efficient help to individual students (Charles, 2008). All the theorists in C.M. Charles book, â€Å"Building Classroom Discipline† will give me professional help as a perspective teacher. I believe his book goes from beginning to end and from procedures to misbehavior, to body language to what types of students will most likely enter my class. What I have learned from his book and what I am currently learning from Mrs. Palmer is there is no way I will not get it right the first time.

puritans Essay -- essays research papers

Their opponents ridiculed them as "Puritans," but these radical reformers, the English followers of John Calvin, came to embrace that name as an emblem of honor. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, England faced a gathering storm in religious life - the Puritan movement. Before the storm abated, the Puritans had founded the first permanent European settlements in a region that came to be known as New England. The Puritans believed that God had commanded the reform of both church and society. They condemned drunkenness, gambling, theatergoing, and Sabbath-breaking and denounced popular practices rooted in pagan custom, like the celebration of Christmas. They deplored the "corruptions" of Roman Catholicism that still pervaded the Church of England - churches and ceremonies they thought too elaborate, clergymen who were poorly educated. The refusal of English monarchs to attack these "besetting evils" turned the Puritans into outspoken critics of the government. This King James I would not endure: he decided to rid England of these malcontents. With some of the Puritans, known as the Separatists, he seemed to have succeeded. The Separatists, a tiny minority within the Puritan movement, were pious people from humble backgrounds who concluded that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed from within. In 1608 one Separatist congregation at Scrooby decided to flee to Holland. That move afforded them religious freedom, but they found only low-paying jobs and were distressed by desertions from within their ranks to other religions. Some decided to move again, this time to North America. In December of 1620, eighty-eight Separatist "Pilgrims" disembarked from the Mayflower at a place they called Plymouth on the coast of present-day southeastern Massachusetts. But misfortune followed the Separatists to the New World. The hardships of the crossing and inadequate provisions left many vulnerable to a "starving time" during the winter. The Plymouth colony would have failed entirelyif the Pilgrims had not received assistance from local Indian tribes. The Pilgrims had received permission from England to settle farther south in the New World, but they had sailed off course and lacked any legal sanction for their land claims or their government in Plymouth. English authorities, however, distracted by ... ...regationalism fostered a growing diversity of opinion and practice, because each local church was free to go its own way. By the end of the seventeenth century, many churches had adopted more liberal standards for admission to membership or to the sacraments of baptism and communion. Divisions among New England's Congregationalists became even more pronounced after the 1730s because of the first Great Awakening, a major religious revival. Some welcomed it, but others disliked the emotionalism and disorder that attended the new religious enthusiasm. Competing denominations gained from the Congregationalists' disputes: disgruntled conservatives deserted to the Anglicans and Quakers, and the most radical advocates of revivalism formed "Separate" churches or joined the Baptists. By the middle of the eighteenth century, New England had become a more mobile, commercialized, stratified, and diverse society. But for most of the region's inhabitants, earlier patterns of life persisted. The majority remained an insular, rural folk, their lives defined by the seasonal rhythms of agriculture, the bonds of family, church, and local community, and a fundamentally religious outlook.

Gay and Lesbian Advertising

Advertising â€Å"Out† of the Box In 1994, Ikea created a wave of controversy when they became one of the first companies to market to the gay community on mainstream daytime television. Despite the initial backlash; this ad eventually sparked countless other companies jump on the â€Å"Gay and Lesbian Advertising Bandwagon†. But what is the motive behind advertising specifically to this community, do the businesses take a genuine interest in the gay community or is it strictly for expanding business?Additionally, once a business decides to advertise using gay content, what is the appropriate way to go about doing so, and how does their strategy differ between gays and lesbians? Only 4 to 10% of the population identifies themselves as gay or lesbian. (Okenfull, 50) So why are businesses so concerned with gaining the support of this demographic? One of the biggest reasons being their buying power. While they don’t make more than heterosexual couples, a large major ity are not raising children, so they have more disposable income.Thus, they have even been referred to as the â€Å"Dream Market† with a potential buying power of $641 billion annually (Okenfull, 49). Because this is the foremost reason why advertisers go after the gay community, this makes us question whether they have a genuine interest in the gay community. â€Å"We market to gays and lesbians for business reasons because we want to sell out product to consumers. It doesn’t get more complicated than that. â€Å" -Miller beer spokeswoman (Sender, 2) It is common knowledge that the only point of advertisement is to drive in more business.However, analyzing the overall impact of advertising on society, it seems as if there is more that comes into play than just a business decision. In fact, regardless of the company's motive to produce advertisements that have gay content, the overall impact of infiltrating gay content into mainstream media has actually helped advan ce and liberate the gay community. Big corporations not only reflect society’s current values, but they are also largely responsible for shaping society's values. If there are more gay and lesbian imagery in the media, society will adapt he perception that they are everywhere and normalizes gayness. Also, having large corporations back a minority-based cause, will make the majority more accepting and make the people in opposition to the cause seem more ignorant. Essentially, even just the facade of a company publicly declaring their support for gayness makes a powerful statement to society. Not only is appearing to be in support of gay rights is something that will boost your business, but to have any anti-gay statement or claims can detrimentally hurt your company as well. In 1977, Coors was accused of firing gays, along with several other minority groups. Journal of Community Research) Not long after much controversy, chairman Pete Coors adopted an Gay-Friendly policy and a lso extended benefits to same-sex couples. In 2000, Coors hiked up their spending on gay advertising, putting them in the number two spot for most money spent on gay advertisements. (Chura, 1) After a company becomes seen as anti-gay, it is evident that they must fight desperately to overcome this stigma just to stay in the game. Beer is a prime example of a product that's advertisements have saturated the gay market to the extent of which if you do not participate, then you’re stance on gay rights is questioned.There is a very positive outcome for the many companies that show their support to the gay community as well as a negative outcome for companies that don’t. Despite this; it still leaves many consumers skeptical of their motives. Many advertisements, in a failed attempt to show acceptance, have become the target of gay critics. The harshest of backlash of these ads are in ones in which they depict obvious and offensive gay stereotypes. It is evident that advert isers must handle these types of ads with care, depicting gay stereotypes can lead to further segregation rather than promoting equality.Gay consumers are very skeptical to how a company presents gay advertisements, but perhaps the biggest obstacle is to still keep heterosexual consumers that are turned off by or blatantly opposed to homosexuality. When Ikea first ran their ad on daytime television, there was a positive response from gay consumers. However, during this time period it still created enough controversy that outweighed the benefits of appealing to that market. This is when agencies quickly realized that limiting their advertisements to the confines of strictly gay and lesbian print media such as OUT magazine was a safer route for the time being.Although the initial reaction by heterosexuals to this first commercial was negative and controversial, this was also a time in history where the attitude around gay media was at a turning point . Gay shows became less of a niche market, and more mainstream. â€Å"More recently, gay-oriented shows such as the L Word, Will and Grace, Ellen, Queer as Folk, and Queer Eye for a Straight Guy have increasingly pushed the boundaries of cultural accepatnce of homosexuality and have diminished the risk of backlash for firms who are percieved to be â€Å"gay friendly. † (Okenfull, 50)Shows dealing with this content presumably have made the hetereosexual community more understanding to this type of lifestyle and generationally speaking, the current generation became much more likely to support the gay rights movement. Thus, integrating gay ads into mainstream television and print media was back on the table. Because the decision for advertisers to target the gay community is still a very controversial subject for both straight and gay consumers, it is imperative to acknowledge the vast differences in how to effectively target this audience.First, it is important to recognize gay male consumers and lesbian fema le consumers as a very different audience. Additionally, it is important to assess how strong their gender identity is. The strength of one’s gender identity is based on several different factors, such as how strong their involvement and sense of belonging is to the gay community. Gay males that are identified as having a high degree of sexual identity, are more attracted to ads that display explicit gay content. (Okenfull, 54) To illustrate an ad that is â€Å"explicitly† gay, (refer to picture 1), I chose Virgin Mobiles â€Å"Hook up Fearlessly†.The ad almost positively insinuates that the two males depicted in the ad are gay, if not gay, then extremely turned on by the a gay act. This type of explicitness would be most attractive to males who have a high gay identity rather than low. There is a large power construct in this advertisement. The male with wings is forcefully holding down the other male to kiss him while the male on bottom, while he does seem sub missive, he is still enjoying the act taking place. I personally like this ad; mostly because of the actual relevance to the buying process.Consumers always have an apprehension to buying products, let alone a phone contract. This ad is conveying to the potential consumer to just give in and try it. While the male on bottom might have been apprehensive about the kiss, just as â€Å"You’ll Love Us† guarantee gives you the freedom to chose without â€Å"strings attached†. It is a â€Å"Just try it! † ad, and while hooking up in an office space is taboo; doing it with with a gay angel is even more controversial and daring, and you might just â€Å"Love It†. I like this ad because it communicates the point fluidly, and replaces any uncertainty with a sense of empowerment and fearlessness.While ads like these are very effective in communicating with the demographic who have a strong sense of gender identity, low identity gays and lesbians are more respo nsive to a less explicit type of advertising. Generally, gays and lesbians who have a low sense of gender identity want to define themselves by traits other than just their sexual preference. By being less explicit, they get the opportunity to read between the lines, not feel alienated by their gender identity, and not have their identity to be oversexualized. To target this audience, advertisers indicates gayness without actually using a lesbian or gay couple.Instead they use implicit gay imagery which uses symbols and phrases that indicates gayness such as rainbows, pride, and being â€Å"out†. (Okenfull, 55) To illustrate an add that does this, I chose Chevy’s electric car ad (refer to ad 2). There are a mother and father car facing their child car. The caption says â€Å"Mom, Dad, I’m electric. † The bottom of the page uses a thin bar that is intended to look like a rainbow. The copy at the bottom is â€Å"So, whatever revs your engine, we support yo u 100%, Happy Motor City Pride from the entire Chevrolet family. † This is another ad that I think is done beautifully.They used a social norm of what society knows as the â€Å"coming out scene†. The electric car is declaring that it is not just any old car, just as a gay or lesbian would have to come out to their parents that they are not just another heterosexual. What also intrigues me about that ad is the italics on â€Å"I’m electric†. This is presumably a play off the upbeat â€Å"It’s electric† song. The car is excited to tell its parents that he is gay, conveying a sense of empowerment and excitement, instead of how we typically think of this moment, which can often be a shameful and intimidating moment for many children.I also really like the ad for it’s relevance to the gay community. According to a recent survey, only ? of hetereosexuals admitted to being concerned about the environment while 55% of gays and lesbians identi fied that they are more likely to â€Å"go green†. (Koretzky). It is targeting consumers that are interested in their message, while also encouraging acceptance and becoming empowered. While even high identity lesbians are most attracted to implicit gay imagery, their liking towards explicit lesbian imagery comes secondary (before explicit gay imagery).But interestingly enough, lesbian imagery is extremely underrepresented. It was reported that in one of leading gay and lesbian magazines, The Advocate, lesbian-targeted imagery accounted for only 3% of the magazine advertising. Why is this? (Okenfull, 65) Not only do lesbians have typically just as much buying power as gay males, but heterosexual consumers are even more comfortable with lesbian imagery over gay imagery, which lowers the risk of heterosexuals being offended or turned off from a product. In general, lesbians are less discriminated than gays. his is something that shows up in the workplace; according to a recent study, gay males make 23% less than straight males, lesbians make about the same as straight women. (Williams Institute) Perhaps society taking a particular favoritism to lesbianism is the very reason that advertisements that depicting lesbians couples in ads targeted towards lesbians are more underrepresented. There is a oversexualization attenuated by the heterosexual community of how lesbians are viewed. I chose an ad that was apart of a campaign for a swiss Italian ski resort (picture 3).A website was commenting on the success of this ad with the title of the Article â€Å"Lesbians Good for Ski Business. † the comment on this ad stated, â€Å"Seems some brilliant ad agency came up with a campaign to promote the Swiss Italian ski resort Airolo by featuring two women about to kiss (pictured above). We’re going to hazard a guess that the intended demographic was not lesbians. They were probably targeting lager louts looking for a good stag party getaway now that Prag ue has kicked them out. † (Get Outdoor Blog) The imagery does not have any clever tagline, or anything to empower lesbains.In fact, one of the main centerpieces of the point of this ad is the male in the background completely enamored and excited by the thought of two girls kissing. The comment on the article even states that â€Å"the intended demographic was not lesbains. † and makes the point that this ad was to promote a party scene. In fact, most viewers probably would not even assume the two girls in the ad as lesbians. By no means does the ad seem to support the gay community, it rather just sexualizes the fantasy of watching two women make out.A sexual lesbian experience can be arousing to straight men and women, conveying a â€Å"party† type of experience while if the couple was actually a gay couple about to engage in a kiss, this ad would most likely be only arousing to gay men, and convey the message that â€Å"We are a gay friendly place† rath er than a â€Å"Party Place†. Another advertisement that depicts the sexual objectification of women is the Nikon ad. There is a hand holding up a camera in which he captures the image of two women in lingerie on top of each other. While the gender of the person taking the photo is not identified, it appears to be a male.Because of the interest in the (presumed) male figure, this ad makes it very evident that the relationship between the two women is not a committed lesbian relationship. It is portrayed to be just a sexual one with an objective to please the male. The copy at the bottom states that the Nikon S60 detects up to 12 faces. When you look closer at the ad, you can spot four males in the adjacent apartment building watching the girl-on-girl action. Many consumers were very upset with this ad, believing it to be both sexist and delegitimizing to lesbian relationships. They made the argument that, the advertisement is sexist relies heavily on the notion that the lesbi ans are unwitting, innocent subjects violated by a voyeuristic male glaze. † (Turnbell) The writer refutes this argument by stating that the two women made the conscious decision to objectify themselves by leaving the curtains open, as well letting another male to capture their (not-so) intimate moment on a camera. Additionally, the ad is relevant to the product because it successfully communicates in a clever way that that even though the faces are so far away, the camera is advanced enough to still detect the voyeurs faces.Personally, I completely agree with the writer's argument. However, I would also argue that these types of ads do present a problem to the lesbian community. How can advertisements tastefully depict a lesbian encounter that meaningfully supports and empowers the lesbian community? Also, how can you conveys that the two women are legitimately homosexual, rather than a sexualizing their experience? This objectification of the lesbian relationship is likely w hy many lesbian advertisements are underrepresented.In general, they are most comfortable to advertisements that use implicit hints of sexuality rather than involving males or females (such as the car commercial). Some argue that â€Å"lesbians are female versions of male sexuality†, but this argument is scrutinized because lesbians describe their experience to be completely different. Typically, lesbians are more socially accepted than gay males are. However, they have to fight harder to convince society that their identity is more than just a sexual desirability of a female. One company that has successfully done so is JC Penny’s.In 2012, they released their â€Å"Freedom of Expression† ad (See Picture 5) that features two mothers and their daughter. While a group called â€Å"One Million Mothers† presented backlash to this ad, the overall response was positive. There is no overt sexual nature in this picture, it is just depicting a family photo with tw o mothers. â€Å"As jcpenney focuses on becoming America’s favorite store, we want to be a store for all Americans. In celebration of Mother’s Day, we’re proud that our May book honors women from diverse backgrounds who all share the heartwarming experience of motherhood. † -Eric Bovin (ABC news)In conclusion; advertisers have recognized the great importance of tapping into the gay market. Not only is establishing your company as being in support of this cause positive, but in some markets; it is necessary. Overall, Advertising to the gay and lesbian community is not one-size-fits-all. It are also specific precautions that you must take in entering into this type of market. Not only are you going up against the criticisms of anti-gay groups, but you are also up against the scrutiny of whether your advertisement is legitimate or whether you are using the leverage of the gay community to seem more accepting and grow your consumer base.There are Advertising Agencies must take into account the way in which homosexuals identify themselves in terms of their involvement as well as the how males and females differ in what appeals to them. Works Cited Hilary Chura, â€Å"Coors hikes spending on gay ads, March 27, 2000 Katherine Sender, Business Not Politics: The Making of the Gay Market, New York: Columbia University Press, 2005, 331 pp. , â€Å"The Dynamics of Brand Legitimacy: An Interpretive Study in the Gay Men's Community (PDF)†.Journal Article, Journal of Consumer Research, University of Chicago Press. JSTOR 10. Going Green, Going Gay? Micheal Koretzky, Jan 13, 2011 The Williams Institute, â€Å"Documented Evidence of Employment Discrimination and Its Effects on LGBT People† (July 2011). Get Outdoors Blog, â€Å"Lesbians for Good Ski Business† (Decemebr 21,2007) James Turnbell, â€Å"A Sexist Advertisement? Lesbians and the Politics of the Male Glaze† (December 13, 2008) ABC News, â€Å"JC Penney Features Same Sex Couple in May Catalouge†, (May 12, 2012)

Differences Between People Will Always Lead to Conflict Essay

H. Norman Wright once stated â€Å"Every person is different. Yet often, those differences are not understood or valued by others. † Conflict is an inevitable part of human relationships. Depending on how it is approached and managed, conflict can be either constructive or destructive. Conflict arises when people disagree over something perceived as important. We live in communities and families with people who may not see things as we do. Conflicts occur on a daily basis, sometimes as small disputes, sometimes as violent battles and each person will respond to conflicts based on their own particular personality and cultural background. People have different motivations, beliefs, values and goals hence why there will always be conflict between people. Contrasts between people can lead to either small disputes or even war. In the years 1861-1865 there was a fierce civil in USA between United States (the â€Å"Union† or the â€Å"North†) and several Southern slave states that had declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America. People in America had different political beliefs. November 6, 1860 – Abraham Lincoln, who had declared â€Å"Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free†¦ † is elected president. Abraham Lincoln wanted the country to be united and abolish slavery in all of America but several states of America had a different opinion. The war had its origin in the restless issue of slavery and after four years of bloody combat, the Confederacy was defeated, slavery was abolished, and the difficult rebuilding process of restoring unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. People having different political beliefs led to disputes within the country. History has shown us that differences amongst people can cause disunity between people, groups and in some cases nations or countries. During WW2 Japan invaded Singapore, Japan launched an airstrike on Singapore unexpectedly, which lead to the fall of Singapore in a few days. Women in Singapore were taken as prisoners and put in a war camp. In the camp women were treated relentlessly and lived under harsh conditions. The rules of the Geneva Convention were not adhered to and this too caused friction between countries The women in the POW camps responded to conflict in different ways, some sacrificed their selves, some calmly and some with hope. The women had different backgrounds which caused opposition within the group. Having discord in the group led to rivalries between the women, also led to divergence in the group and lack of trust within each other. Though it might seem to be a small dispute, it had a big influence on how the women were going to survive. Afghanistan has been a victim of many military campaigns. Many countries wanted to take over Afghanistan which led to conflict between countries. In 1996 an Islamic fundamentalist political movement called the Taliban meaning â€Å"The Seekers† took over Afghanistan. Their aims were to end the political chaos that had been ongoing in Afghanistan since the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 and to impose a strict interpretation of Islam. Taliban came in as a cleansing force to establish law and order which they did. Their efforts were initially embraced by the war-ravaged Afghans but their means of ending the chaos resulted in the imposition of a strict interpretation of Islamic law. They imposed severe restrictions on women, and banned television, considered a symbol of Western decadence. The Taliban instituted a code of laws that oppressed and brutalized women, under Taliban rule; women were restricted to the home, denied education and could be executed for not wearing the right dress. Afghanistan is a multiethnic society, each ethnic group attempting to stake out their own territory and the Taliban’s Islamic laws opposed the beliefs and values of other cultures in Afghanistan, this discrepancy instigated the ongoing civil war in Afghanistan Three decades of war made Afghanistan the world’s most dangerous country, including the largest producer of refugees and asylum seekers. Decades of fighting have created millions of refugees; families have been torn apart and thousands of villages have been demolished in the fighting leaving Afghanis with little alternative but to flee. Over the past decades Australia has accepted thousands of refugees from Afghanistan that take a treacherous journey by boat to flee the war in search of a new and peaceful life. When refugees came to Australia they are put into detention centres for a period of time while their refugee statuses are being processed. Refugees from Afghanistan respond to conflict in different ways some through having a positive mind, some with hope, fear, denial and most of all with self-sacrifice. People having opposing religious beliefs in Afghanistan transformed it into warfare, affecting millions of innocent people in Afghanistan. We live in a world full of people with different values, motives and goals. There will always be distinctions between people through culture, values, beliefs, motivations and goals which to some extend will lead to conflict. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. it is nearly impossible to understand those who are beyond our sight, who are not explained to us by ties of birth or contact of the flesh†.

How to Pick Your College Classes

How to Pick Your College Classes The main reason youre in school is to earn your degree. Picking good courses at the right time and in the right order is, therefore, critical to your success. Talk to Your Advisor No matter how big or small your school is, you should have an adviser who helps make sure you are on track to earning your degree. Check in with them, no matter how sure you are about your choices. Not only does your adviser most likely need to sign off on your selections, but he or she can also help alert you to things you may not even have considered. Make Sure Your Schedule Has Balance Dont set yourself up for failure by thinking you can handle more courses than you usually take, all with labs and heavy workloads. Make sure your schedule has some balance: varying levels of difficulty, varying subject matters (when possible) so you arent using one part of your brain 24 hours a day, varying due dates for major projects and exams. Each course may be fine in and of itself, but when combined to create a killer schedule, they all may turn out to be a big mistake. Think About Your Learning Style Do you learn better in the morning? In the afternoon? Do you learn better in a huge classroom, or in a smaller section setting? See what options you can find within a department our course section and pick something that matches best with your learning style. Aim to Pick Strong Professors Do you know you absolutely love a certain professor in your department? If so, see if you can take a course with him or her this semester, or if it would be wiser to wait until a later time. If youve found a professor with whom you intellectually click, taking another class from him or her can help you get to know him or her better and possibly lead to other things, like research opportunities and letters of recommendation. If youre unfamiliar with professors on campus but know that you learn best from a professor who engages a class (instead of one who only lectures), ask around and check online to see what experience other students have had with various professors and their teaching styles. Consider Your Work Schedule and Other Commitments Do you know that you absolutely must have an on-campus job? Do you need an internship for your major? If so, will it require you to work days? Consider taking a class or two that meets in the evenings. Do you know you work best when you can plop yourself down in the library for eight hours straight? Try to avoid taking classes on Friday so that you can use it as a work day. Planning around your known commitments can help reduce your stress level once the semester is moving ahead at full-steam.

Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics

Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle argues the highest end is the human good, and claims that the highest end pursued in action is happiness, "What is the highest of all goods pursued in action...most people virtually agree about what the good is, since both the many and the cultivated call it happiness."(1095a15-20 p. 6) Aristotle's argument is flawed when he suggests only human beings with full use of reason (not animals or even small children) can be considered happy because happiness is action in accordance with reason. Aristotle is contradicting himself in that he argues that what sets man apart from animal is reason and the ability to perform actions that only humans can perform. Yet, he is arguing that children to not have reason hence he is basically putting them at the level of animals and proving his own argument faulty.Aristotle's characterization of the human good and happiness and the flaws within it are written as follows:Aristotle argues that there is some ultimate good that is both complete an d self-sufficient, and defines this good as happiness.Detail of The School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio...He claims every human action aims at some good, and the good that is chosen for its own sake rather than as means to an end is the highest good. However, he does state that we do choose some goods for something else, which in turn makes that end incomplete since "the best good is apparently something complete."(1097a27, p. 14)Aristotle argues that the highest good is happiness, which means living well. He points out that happiness is something that we choose because of itself and is not reliant on anything else. He argues that happiness is complete on its own and is the ultimate end of which we all aim for: "...happiness more than anything else seems complete without qualification, since we always choose...

Where Germans Go for Winter Holidays

Where Germans Go for Winter Holidays Its no secret that the Germans love to travel. According to the UNWTO Tourism Barometer, theres no European country that produces more tourists and spends more money on seeing the world. Family holidays during the summer can last up to five or six weeks. And its not uncommon for people to squeeze in another short trip over the winter holidays.   There is no need to worry about Germans missing out on their work duties. The average German employee benefits from 29 Urlaubstage (annual leave days) per year, which puts them into the oberes Mittelfeld (upper mid-field) of Europes leave allowances. School holidays are staggered throughout the Lnder to avoid traffic chaos  so that even German downtime is as efficiently planned as it can be. Since 1 January marks the day that many employees lose their outstanding allowance, its high time for them to use up that Resturlaub (remaining leave). Lets have a look at the most popular holiday destinations for German people escaping the house in winter. 1. Germany Germanys number 1 travel destination is Germany! As a country where all winter lovers can get their share of snow, forest and mountains, ski trips is high on every winter lovers wish list. Families love that it only takes a few hours by train or car until they can let the kids roam free and slip into their mountainwear. Family trips to the Alps are popular with families from all around the country. They indulge in winter sports and healthy walks, warming up by a fire in the chalet by night. Its a tradition so popular that many songs have been sung about it.   But in fact, Germany can boast snowy mountain peaks far North of the usual suspects with Gebirge (mountain regions) like the Hunsrà ¼ck and Harz. In this country, youre never far from winter fun. Essential Skiurlaub vocabulary: Ski fahren - skiingLanglauf - cross-country skiingRodeln - sledgingSchneewandern - hiking in the snowder Kamin - chimney 2. The Mediterranean (Spain, Egypt, Tunisia) Summer in Italy, winter in Egypt. Germans love chasing the sun and the beach, and many believe that a comfortable 24 degrees C is preferable to Christmas trees and freezing in February. Its the perfect answer to a dreaded new disease the Germans are scared of: Die Winterdepression. 3. Dubai For those who are seriously sun-deprived, sunny long-haul destinations like Thailand offer exactly what they have been dreaming of. Its a true escape from Weihnachtsstress, especially when there are the added delights of insane attractions (ironic indoor skiing)  and cut-price shopping. Essential Strandurlaub  vocabulary: der Strand - beachsich sonnen - to sunbathedie Sonnencreme - suncreamder Badeanzug/die Badehose - swimming costume/swimming shortsdas Meer - the sea 4. New York and Other Cities New York is the leading destination for travelers who love nothing more than Stdteurlaub  (city trips). When there is only a tiny supply of Resturlaub  left, even a long weekend in Hamburg, Kà ¶ln or Mà ¼nchen is more attractive than staying at home. Braving cold temperatures, the German tourists wrap up warm and still get their supplies of culture and escapism. After all, who wants to experience the same Alltagstrott  (daily grind) all the time? Essential Stdteurlaub  vocabulary: die Anfahrt - journey to the destinationdie Erkundung - discoveryspazieren gehen - going for a relaxed walkdie Theaterkarte - theatre ticketdie Rundfahrt - city tour

How Plastic Bags Affect our Environment Research Paper

How Plastic Bags Affect our Environment - Research Paper Example astic bags pose to our environment and understand that continuing using plastic bags can even leads to endangerment of marine organisms and other wildlife. Plastics are everywhere and its properties are toxic and poison. Plastic bags should be banned in retail shops because it affects the environment and using alternative solutions that help to reduce using plastic bags. Millions of tonnes of plastic are produced every year. In fact the single used plastic bags have become a popular choice for shoppers and consumers ever since they were introduced in the 1940s. In the 1970s Single Use Plastic bags (SUPB) also known as high density polyethylene bags rose to popularity and they are in use even to this date. Today, almost 1.5 trillion tonnes of SUPBs are used annually around the world while in the U.S. alone about 100 billion are used (Equinox Centre, 2013). Chemically, the normal plastic bag is made up of high density polyethylene. Several monomers make up the bags. Plastic bags contain several additive and chemicals which imparts special characteristics to the bags. Chemicals such as Bisphenol A, Phatlates and Brominated flame retardants are some of the chemicals added to plastic products. In spite of the several problems associated with plastic bags, retail shops continue to use them since they are cheap to produce and are extremely durable and handy. They are also light weight and easy to carry which makes them extremely popular. In the last few decades several studies had focused on the adverse effects that plastic bag usage has had on the environment and on the health of humans and animals. Plastic bans have been the most popular carrying medium among U.S. citizens. Plastic bags are primarily produced by the burning of the fossil fuels. Almost 12 million barrels of oil is required for production of plastic bags in the U.S. alone ((Equinox Centre, 2013). But, the global prevalence of plastic bags included the long life span of plastic bags, littering of bags

Psychological Analis of Sex Offenders Lab Report

Psychological Analis of Sex Offenders - Lab Report Example Over the years questions have been raised regarding constitutional challenges and concerns. Introduction Over the years the approaches to legislations governing the registration and the publication of sex offenders have always been primarily geared towards reducing the probability of repeat offences. The general realization is that sex offenders always demonstrate the tendency to repeat the sexual offences when relevant measures are not taken to sensitize the public and to construct deterring mechanisms. The essence of having sexual offenders register themselves is to ensure that during parole, the parole officers can keep track of the progress and ensure that the offenders are not in circumstances that might tempt them to repeat the offences. Although, various states are responsible for establishing their own systems and procedures when it comes to registration and publication of sexual offenders the federal government has existing laws to act as guidelines. The guidelines are clear ly outlined in the â€Å"Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children Act of 1994, Megan’s Law of 1996, and Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act of 1996† (Maddan, 2008, p. 10). ... In addition the paper will also address the extent to which the approaches employed by the state of Minnesota helps in preventing repeat offences by the offenders, sensitizes and protects the public and assists the authorities in keeping track of the movements and activities of sexual offenders. State Regulations in Minnesota Statistics from the state of Minnesota have prompted authorities within the state to construct legislations to ensure that communities are effectively notified of any sex offenders living within their neighborhoods. According to (Minnesota Police Department, 2011), most sexual offenders target people that know them and apparently trust them. In addition, most offenders who had been to prison were found to engage in child molestation, incest and rape with people who knew them very well. Therefore the legislations within Minnesota have always been geared towards addressing the issue of notifying communities concerning offenders living within their neighborhoods. T he legislations include the Minnesota Statute 243.166 and the Community Notification Act of 1996. The general realization is that it is usually inevitable to have sex offenders living among other members of the community due to law provisions that require offenders to spend a specific period of time in prison. In Minnesota the state regulations only require offenders to spend only two thirds of their sentences behind bars and the rest free but under the supervision of probation officers. Once the sexual offenders have been released and they will be required to adhere with certain registration regulation depending on the risk levels they have been assigned. Like most states Minnesota assigns sexual offenders one

American Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

American Literature - Essay Example These descriptions of his voyages, the land and the people he had seen in these places are what drove Spain to Hispaniola. Here, they set up colonies that led to problems for the local inhabitants of those lands who had previously lived in peace. Bartolome de las Casas (Burrell 38 - 39) fought against the ill treatment that the Indians from Hispaniola faced at the time. The Spanish had taken over the islands belonging to the Indians and taken the inhabitants as slaves. They had taken their land and drove them to less habitable areas while taking all the food they produced. The Spanish broke the existing family structures that were in place in the island. Families were separated through death when some of their members were killed. Others were taken away to Spain as slaves to work in plantations, in the mines to harvest gold and in the sea harvesting pearls. The Indians who had been peacefully living in their islands as families faced life threatening difficulties with the arrival of the European man. Conquest of New Spain†, it is evident that there were various similarities between the indigenous culture and the European culture at the time. Both cultures had well established cosmologies, high nobles, a priestly class and elected officials. Montezuma was the elected Emperor of Mexico at the time. These civilizations also both had warriors and a sophisticated division of labor that allowed them to conduct their daily affairs in an organized manner. Both cultures engaged in pottery and ceramics, metallurgy, weaving for basketry and clothing. These two cultures were both very advanced with well-developed social structures that enabled them to acquire beauty and wealth that allowed them to survive during their time

Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Issues - Essay Example The current interest in environmental education is actually spurred by two factors. First is the realization of business firms that complying to environmental standards and implementing programs advocating environmental awareness could increase the preference of customers because they know that the company is very concerned with the whole of society. In other words, it has become a point of competitiveness of the companies. The second factor is the realization that the problem has become so serious to the point that it threatens all sectors of society that it needs immediate attention. The way we are made to perceive environmental issues are distorted by the way the information is relayed to us. Environmental catastrophes are relayed to the audience but its root causes are never fully explained or in some instances, not even analyzed. The ideology that pervades among corporate media practitioners is to simply relay the information but they do not go as far as promoting advocacy. There exists a problem in the way environmental awareness is understood by educators and mass media practitioners and many people in general. They tend to mention events that have harmed the environment but they seldom do point out the root cause. We can only speculate that they are constrained to do so because most of the pollution such as oil spills came from big corporations who may have interests in the establishment where they are employed or who can sue them of all their belongings for tarnishing the name of the company. Those who had the courage to speak out have been branded as agents of doom for the dark predilections that they make. Some of them are actually lampooned and criticized for their messages which bears the truth regarding the state of the environment and the role we humans are playing in its destruction. Saving the environment requires a shift in ideology, an extension of democracy where the institutions are oriented towards environmental protection rather than living in denial and abstraction. The Currents of Ecological Democracy In the contemporary setting, environmentalists have begun to take on a new perspective regarding the pursuit of environmental awareness and environmental protection. What they advocate is direct political action which refers to mass mobilization and extensive forums pressuring the government to take action rather than waiting in vain for environmentally conscious individual to get elected in office. Capitalism which is basically a general term for the desire to acquire profits is seen as totally detrimental to the environment. It is impossible to arrive to a compromise between the desire for profits and the desire to save the environment for business firms will always need to expand and exploit resources to acquire more money. If the resources such as oil are depleted in an area, they move towards another area to keep the business going. As such, the cycle of environmental degradation continues. With this line of thinking, the attempts of corporations to project themselves as environmentally conscious are but a mere propaganda that is full of deceit and lies. Private firms are not the only one to blame. Much of the toxic materials comes from weapons used by

Fashion History and Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion History and Trends - Essay Example The essay "Fashion History and Trends" concerns the changes in the fashion history. Our early ancestors didn’t own all the clothes that we do own. Cavemen wore animal hides to fight the winter cold. In warm weather, they wore loincloths. As time passed, new discoveries made it possible to create new fashions. Thousands of years ago, the Chinese created silk from cocoons of silkworm moths. In 1972, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which removed seed from cotton. By hand, it took several hours to produce one pound of cotton. The cotton gin allowed workers to clean up to 50 pounds of cotton daily. Today silk and cotton are still used for many fashionable styles. The Europeans in the 1700s witnessed a time of great thought and social change. Historians call that time the â€Å"Age of Enlightenment.† The machines of that era changed the way people earned a living. Many people left their jobs on the farm to become factory workers. Throughout the 1700s and 1800s, several b reakthroughs paved the way for mass production of clothes. In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttles for the loom. This machine sped up the weaving process. Perhaps the most exciting invention was Edmund Cartwright’s power loom. His loom used water as a power source. Made in 1785, it was the first loom to produce large amounts of cloth. Following in its footsteps were modern sewing machines. Elias Howe and Isaac Singer made these time-saving machines in the mid 1800’s. Some of the world’s greatest fashion pioneers created styles.

Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Issues - Essay Example The current interest in environmental education is actually spurred by two factors. First is the realization of business firms that complying to environmental standards and implementing programs advocating environmental awareness could increase the preference of customers because they know that the company is very concerned with the whole of society. In other words, it has become a point of competitiveness of the companies. The second factor is the realization that the problem has become so serious to the point that it threatens all sectors of society that it needs immediate attention. The way we are made to perceive environmental issues are distorted by the way the information is relayed to us. Environmental catastrophes are relayed to the audience but its root causes are never fully explained or in some instances, not even analyzed. The ideology that pervades among corporate media practitioners is to simply relay the information but they do not go as far as promoting advocacy. There exists a problem in the way environmental awareness is understood by educators and mass media practitioners and many people in general. They tend to mention events that have harmed the environment but they seldom do point out the root cause. We can only speculate that they are constrained to do so because most of the pollution such as oil spills came from big corporations who may have interests in the establishment where they are employed or who can sue them of all their belongings for tarnishing the name of the company. Those who had the courage to speak out have been branded as agents of doom for the dark predilections that they make. Some of them are actually lampooned and criticized for their messages which bears the truth regarding the state of the environment and the role we humans are playing in its destruction. Saving the environment requires a shift in ideology, an extension of democracy where the institutions are oriented towards environmental protection rather than living in denial and abstraction. The Currents of Ecological Democracy In the contemporary setting, environmentalists have begun to take on a new perspective regarding the pursuit of environmental awareness and environmental protection. What they advocate is direct political action which refers to mass mobilization and extensive forums pressuring the government to take action rather than waiting in vain for environmentally conscious individual to get elected in office. Capitalism which is basically a general term for the desire to acquire profits is seen as totally detrimental to the environment. It is impossible to arrive to a compromise between the desire for profits and the desire to save the environment for business firms will always need to expand and exploit resources to acquire more money. If the resources such as oil are depleted in an area, they move towards another area to keep the business going. As such, the cycle of environmental degradation continues. With this line of thinking, the attempts of corporations to project themselves as environmentally conscious are but a mere propaganda that is full of deceit and lies. Private firms are not the only one to blame. Much of the toxic materials comes from weapons used by

Controversial Issue of Use of Cookies in Web Browsers Essay

Controversial Issue of Use of Cookies in Web Browsers - Essay Example Many internet sites have incorporated cookies in the search engines for various purposes. Usage of cookies is more prevalent in e-commerce sites, which depend on the activities and information of the customer to customize the search engine to the preferences of the customers. Cookies store small sections of program codes and memories that can be retrieved later. Use of cookies is always well-intended. However, there has been claims that site owners use cookies to track important information from the users. This is even more controversial considering that cookies operate discreetly without the knowledge of the user. Whether use of cookies is beneficial or risky to internet users has remained a controversial issue for a long time and therefore, this paper explores this controversy and ultimately supports that use of cookies is indeed beneficial to internet users. Proponents of use of cookies argue that use of cookies makes site browsing easier, more efficient and user-friendly. Accordi ng to Palmer â€Å"while e-commerce has grown rapidly in recent years, some of the practices associated with certain marketing aspects of marketing such as pop-ups, cookies and spam have raised concerns on the side of the internet users† (Palmer, 2005). For instance, e-commerce sites such as Amazon use cookies to keep track of user activities. User information is recorded and kept as cookies, site preferences are recorded as well as credit card and vital personal information. Users do not have to re-enter such information in subsequent site visits, therefore, making browsing easier and safer. However, it is possible for some sites to use such information unethically. For instance, site preference information can be used for advertisement purposes and not necessarily to benefit the site user.  

The Semai Culture Essay Example for Free

The Semai Culture Essay A peaceful Malaysian culture by the name of Semai, is mostly known for their non-violence approach to life. This society calls the Malay Peninsula of South Asia home. With a unique way of life, the environment and their beliefs help mold the culture and its people. This paper will outline how the Semai culture socially interacts, survives in the forest and why they remain such a peaceful culture. Living in various areas within the mountains and rainforests of Malay Peninsula, the Semai culture is highly opposed to violent activity and is always on the move. This non-violent belief is also a contributing factor to why Semai’s move around peninsula, because if any type of tension is created between neighboring groups or tribes the Semai will quickly relocate to avoid violence. In comparison to the lives in America, Semai’s daily activities are much different. As a foraging group, which means they live a hunting and gathering lifestyle; the Semai’s are always moving around year after year in search for new prime areas that are good for farming and hunting. As a foraging community, Semai’s also practice some horticultural techniques for example, cutting and burning greens and using the ashes an enriched fertilizer to the crops (Nowak Laird, 2010). In the small Semai community labor is divided among the men and the women. Men are mostly responsible for hunting, women are responsible for things like weaving and harvesting rice, however everyone works together when taking care and maintaining the crops. The Semai community is mostly made of nuclear families, meaning the families are made of both the mother and father and the children. The Semai community does not have a true political structure but the eldest male in the family are looked at as the leader and they rely on him to keep the peace. During any decision making within the Semai group women and men are involved. Like many other cultures the elders are also looked at for guidance during any decision makings because they are the most  experienced and respecting within the family and community (Nowak Laird, 2010). Gender relationships are easy going concept in the Semai culture because both genders are equal in the culture. Semai’s believe in the bilateral descent system, which is also the system most American’s believe in. Bilate ral descent means the kinship connection is equally important on the mother and father side. There is not a formal wedding ceremony between man and woman. The community will simply recognize a man and woman as a married couple if they are sleeping, eating, and living together. If the couple stops this activity then they would be considered separated (Peacefulsocities.org). Within this peaceful culture everything is shared, so thanking someone is actually an offensive gesture because the culture greatly believes in sharing. Sharing does not only take place within the nuclear family. Sharing is a way of life for everyone in the community, so whatever food that’s available is equally shared with everyone. Even the elderly or sick that were not able to contribute are still given equal shares as everyone else. A simple act like this explains why this culture is so peaceful. To openly share with everyone in your community or village without a second thought and to get offended when someone says â€Å"thank you† shows a true noble characteristic. This is something that the American society can learn from. In addition, this culture is a great example of how generalized reciprocity work, because during this practice an immediate return is not expected, it is just believed that everything will work it’s self out in the long run (Nowak Laird, 2010). Even when working outside the Semai community, the beliefs and morals of the Semai culture is still reflected in their thought process. The example below will illustrate how the people of Semai would struggle with modern day thinking of production and labor, which also means you have to separate the responsibilities of work and family. â€Å"A Semai man was hired by a logging company to level an area in the highlands, working a specified number of hours over four days. Instead of working over the requested period he completed the job all in one day, freeing the other days to work in his orchards and fields. When he went to collect his wages, the manager informed him he would not be paid because he did not follow their instructions. The Semai man did not demonstrate the punctuality and discipline the company required. In industrialized society, time is  perceived in a linear, progressive fashion. Time is commoditized (time is money), it is scarce (dont waste time), and it is organized by a clock. For the Semai man and other preliterate peoples, time is repetitive, cyclical, and unchanging. Time is not alienable; in other words, it cannot be bought. sold, or transferred to anyone else, and there is sufficiency. Time is not organized by a clock but by nature and rituals. Thus, based on the above comparison of concepts of time, it is clear there would be a difference of opinion. The Semai man argued that to work the schedule the company had requested would have prevented him from finding additional work and restricted his ability to go hunting; he had completed the task satisfactorily and therefore deserved payment. To him, how he had completed it in terms of scheduling was irrelevant—he had been asked to level a field and he had done so. Whether the task was completed in one day or four was unimportant—the work was done (Dentan, 1977)† (Nowak Laird, 2010). The Semai culture believes in Punan, which includes a list of different sanctions that encourages proper behavior such as sharing and non-violence. Semai’s believe that human feelings such as, unfulfilled desires could cause an individual to be vulnerable to evil spirit that can cause a person to become ill or die. It is also believed that these forbidden internal emotions can even cause animal attacks to a person. The surrounding forest is also considered to be full of evil spirits that are waiting to attack. So anyone that decides to venture out on their own are at great risk and the Semai community would assume that individual has gone mad or crazy. With the belief that there are malevolent spirits that are waiting to prey on the living, the Semai culture believe that remaining peaceful and sharing is a vital factor to their livelihood (Robarchek, 1998). This belief system also reflects how Semai children are raised. Due to the importance of non violence children would rarely receive and physical punishment, however they would receive threats of punishment from evil spirits. Due to the closeness of the Semai community, everyone is involved in raising the child which embodies the importance of sharing. From childhood individuals are taught how to behave, what to believe, what to value and how to produce. In conjunction to these basic elements and the  environment around us, we are molded into individuals that create these interesting cultures around the world. The Semai culture is very different from others due to their belief system and their way of life. However, they are very similar to other cultures with their kinship and social structure. This paper outlined how the Semai culture socially interacts by encouraging gender equality and respect, foraging and using horticultural techniques in the forest, and remaining peaceful through the Punan belief. . Reference Nowak, B., Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Peaceful Socities.org (n.d). Peaceful Societies. Alternatives to Violence and War. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http://www.peacefulsocieties.org/society/semai.html Robarchek, C. A., Robarchek, C. J. (1998). Reciprocities and realities: World views, peacefulness.. Aggressive Behavior, 24(2), 123-133. Retrieved December 1, 2012 from EBSCO Sà ¸rensen, M. (2007). Competing Discourses of Aggression and Peacefulness. Peace Review, 19(4), 603-609. doi:10.1080/10402650701681251 Retrieved December 1, 2012 from EBSCO

Pinpoint Colluding Attackers for Software-as-a-Service Cloud

Pinpoint Colluding Attackers for Software-as-a-Service Cloud Abstract- Software as a Service (SaaS) is a distribution model of software in which service provider or vendor develops applications and these are accessible by the customers over a network. SaaS clouds are vulnerable to malicious attacks because of their sharing nature. IntTest, service integrity attestation framework has been anticipated and it uses a novel integrated attestation graph analysis scheme to pinpoint attackers. But IntTest has still a limitation that attackers can still escape the detection if they have less inconsistency links than benign service providers. In this paper, we present Function Combination Generator along with the IntTest in order to detect the attackers more in number. Also, Result Auto Correction is provided to correct the incorrect results provided by the attackers. Our experimental results shows that our scheme is effective and can achieve higher accuracy in pinpointing the attackers more in number than the existing approaches. Index Terms- Cloud Computing, Integrity Attestation, Multitenant, SaaS, Function Combination Generator 1 INTRODUCTION Cloud computing depends on resource sharing over a network. Cloud computing mainly relies on improving the efficiency of shared resources. Cloud provides services like Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS). This paper mainly deals with Software-as-a-service. Software as a Service depicts any cloud service where providers deploy their applications and consumers use those applications through a client interface such as web browser. Software as a Service and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) [4] provides certain concepts for the evolution of Software as a Service clouds [1] (e.g., Amazon Web Service (AWS) [2] and Google App Engine [3]). SaaS clouds provide a way for application service providers (ASPs)[5], [6] to transport their applications through the huge cloud computing infrastructure [7]. Figure 1 shows the origin of Software as a Service deployed on either public, private or hybrid cloud and its relation with the end u ser. As ASPs from different security domains shares Cloud Computing infrastructures, they are vulnerable to attacks. As Cloud Computing attracts many providers due to its cost-effective concept, it has become very popular at recent. This paper concentrates on service integrity attacks on SaaS clouds. The user gets the bad results due to these integrity attacks when requested for a service. Figure 2 shows the integrity attacks in SaaS clouds. Multitenant architecture is one that is responsible for most of the SaaS cloud solutions. In the previous research, only privacy protection and confidentiality problems have been widely stated, but the service integrity attestation was not clearly addressed. Service integrity is one of the main problems that need to be solved despite whether the public or private clouds process the data. Various researchers have presented certain service integrity attestation schemes but the problem is that they require secure kernel or trusted hardware support. Because of these problems, Multitenant cloud computing does not carry those schemes. Later, Juan Du has proposed IntT est, an efficient framework for large scale cloud systems. A novel integrated attestation graph analysis scheme has been provided by the IntTest that detects the attackers more when compared to the existing schemes. But the problem here is that the attackers can still escape the detection if they have less inconsistency links than benign service providers. i.e., If only one order of service functions is given by the providers for a service, the attacker acts as genuine and colludes with other attackers and provides fake results. With this, all the inconsistent results caused by the attackers are not detected completely and the fake results are assumed as good one and provided to the users. With this, we can say that that IntTest cannot detect the colluding attackers. In this Paper, Function Combination Generator is provided for the IntTest to overcome the limitation. Function Combination Generator along with IntTest can attain more attacker identifying accuracy than existing schemes like Run Test and AdapTest. In particular, AdapTest and RunTest with the other conventional voting schemes wants to believe that benevolent service providers take bulk in every service function. Figure 1: Software-as-a Service To make the targeted service functions as malicious, several attackers may launch on colluding attacks in large scale multitenant cloud systems. In order to overcome this problem, IntTest with FCG adopts a systematic method by exploring the both consistency and inconsistency relationships between various service providers in the whole cloud system. The per-function consistency graphs and global inconsistency graphs have been validated by the IntTest. The attackers can be detected more effectively, it does not allow the attackers to escape as well as reduces the scope of damage caused by the attackers by using Function Combination Generator with IntTest. With the scalable IntTest along with Function Combination Generator, the burden provided with attestation can be reduced to an extent than any other schemes. This paper provides the below implementations: IntTest, an efficient and scalable service integrity attestation framework for broad cloud computing infrastructures. Function Combination Generator that generates different set of orders for a particular set of functions for the given service. Baseline and Integrated attestation schemes that attains more attackers pinpointing than the existing schemes. Result auto correction method that eventually replaces the fake results provided by the colluding attackers with the correct results. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the related work. Section 3 presents the proposed Work in detail. Section 4 presents the design. Finally, the paper concludes in section 5. Figure 2: Integrity attacks in cloud based data processing Where, Sn= different service components n= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} VM= Virtual Machines 2 RELATED WORK SaaS clouds are given with various integrity attestation schemes in recent years. The BIND scheme, TEAS, RunTest and AdapTest are some of the schemes but these in turn have some issues that are to be dealt with. Some of them want trusted hardware and support of secure kernel. BIND [10] (Binding Information and Data) is one that requires secure kernel or a third party support. To verify the service integrity for SaaS clouds, BIND exhibits the fine grained attestation framework. This BIND scheme follows these steps. 1) Attestation annotation mechanism. 2) Sandbox mechanism. 3) Verification of authenticator through hash. In order to address the service integrity attestation, Diffee-Hellman key has been used by the BIND scheme. TEAS [11] (Timed Executable Agent System) is another provided scheme that address the integrity for SaaS clouds. It uses Agent generation and verification algorithm. But the problem is that it is not scalable and does require trusted hardware. RunTest [8] has been proposed later with further corrections. RunTest, a scalable runtime integrity attestation framework attains the data flow processing integrity in cloud. It promotes light-weight application level attestation mechanism. With this, it identifies the attackers when inconsistent results are detected and also integrity of data processing results is examined. This RunTest gives the information on who are benign service providers and also the attackers’ stealthy behaviour. The disadvantage that RunTest has is its low performance. The AdapTest [9] is another existing scheme that presents a novel adaptive data driven runtime service integrity attestation framework to verify the service integrity in SaaS clouds. It reduces the detection delay and also the attestation overhead. It treats all the service components as black boxes so any special hardware support is not needed by the AdapTest. The disadvantage is that detection rate is low. So later, to overcome all th e limitations of the existing schemes, IntTest has been proposed. Any secure kernel or hardware support is not needed by IntTest as it also treats the components as black boxes. IntTest provides more detecting accuracy than above all the existing schemes. But still the IntTest has a limitation that attackers try to escape the detection by colluding with the other attackers. So, we proposed Function Combination Generator technique to be used with IntTest to overcome the limitation. With this Function Combination Generator with IntTest, there is no chance for the attackers to escape. 3 PROPOSED WORK Software as a Service clouds are evolved from the basic concepts of Software as a Service and Service Oriented Architecture. It provides a way for the application service providers to build their applications and transport them through cloud computing infrastructure. Here, we are proposing a new technique called Function Combination Generator for IntTest. To pinpoint all the colluding attackers is the main goal of IntTest with Function Combination Generator. And it should not make attackers to escape from detection. Various service providers are negotiated by a single attacker in multitenant cloud systems. Here, certain assumptions are made by the IntTest. First, in the entire cloud system the total number of benign service providers is greater than the malicious service providers. Without this assumption, the IntTest scheme does not work properly. Second, the data processing services are input deterministic. Whatever input is given by the benign service component, it should produce the similar output. Third, the hardware and software faults that grounds the result inconsistency are marked by fault detection schemes [12] and can be removed them as malicious attacks. Figure 3 depicts the overall architecture of our proposed work. The architecture flows like this. At first the user requests the cloud for a particular service, and that requested service is deployed in the cloud and promotes that request to SaaS. SaaS cloud process the request and generates the result to the cloud. Next, Function Combination Generator regulates different set of orders for service functions and then IntTest checks the consistency and inconsistency relationships and then identify the malicious attackers. Result autocorrection corrects the bad results produced by the attackers and stores the corrected data and finally corresponding good results are sent to the user. Figure 3: Architecture 4 DESIGN In this section we present the design of the proposed system. First, we present the Function Combination Generator. We then describe baseline and integrated attestation schemes and next, we present the result autocorrection scheme. 4.1 Function Combination Generator Service is one that consists of several components that in turn consists of different number of functions. Service may contain any number of functions like f1, f2, f3, f4 etc. When the SaaS cloud generates the service as per requested by the user, then the Function Combination Generator generates different set of patterns for the functions such as f1, f3, f2, f4 and f2, f3, f4, f1 and soon. By generating like this, there we can see that the attackers can’t escape from detection. Function Combination Generator is an efficient technique provided with the IntTest to detect the colluding attackers in large number. 4.2 Baseline Attestation Scheme IntTest is mainly used to detect the service integrity attack in SaaS clouds and also pinpoint malicious service providers. In Cloud Computing, several providers develop the same function as they are popular. Function Combination Generator after generating patterns sends the results to the IntTest. IntTest then obtains the consistency and inconsistency relationships among the different service providers for a particular set of service function generated. Figure 4 depicts the consistency check mechanism. As shown in the figure 4, the service providers are p1, p2 and p3. The same function f is developed by all the providers. Portal node is one that has global information like number of ASPs etc., It acts as a gateway to use the services. Provider p1 first receives the original data input p1 from the portal node and generates the result f(d1). Again provider p3 receives the duplicate of d1 and generates the result f(d1’). Next the relationship between the providers is derived. If both the providers generate the same result, they are said to be consistent with each other. If not they are inconsistent with each other, then we can say that one of them is malicious. Like this, we derive the relationships among various service providers. Figure 4: Consistency Check 4.3 Integrated Attestation Scheme Now, an integrated attestation graph analysis algorithm is given here. Step 1: Consistency analysis: Based on the consistency relationships derived by the Baseline attestation scheme, we derive per-function consistency graph as shown in figure 4(a).. With this, the distrustful service providers can be identified. The consistency graph presents certain consistency links among a set of service providers. Those service providers give same results for every specific service function. Like if service providers p1, p2 give consistent results for a function f1, they give the same consistent results for all functions like f2, f3, f4 and so on. The benign service providers who give consistent results for a particular function will form a clique in terms of consistency links. With this per-function consistency graph, we cannot clearly identify who the attacker is. So, we must also consider inconsistency graph too. Figure 4: Attestation Graphs Step 2: Inconsistency analysis: The global inconsistency graph as shown in figure 4(b) is derived from the inconsistency relationships drawn by Baseline attestation scheme. This graph contains only inconsistency links, there may involve various possible combinations of benign node set and malicious node set. Here, we have to believe that total number of malicious service providers is not greater than max number of malicious service. Function Combination Generator generated different set of patterns for a particular service. By generating like this, there is no chance for the attackers to escape as they give inconsistent results with all the patterns when consistency check is done. If any provider gives only incorrect results with all the patterns, we confirm that provider as a corrupted one. Like this, we will find the attackers more in number. 4.4 Result Auto Correction To regularly correct the bad results provided by the attackers, Result Autocorrection is provided. IntTest with Function Combination Generator can not only pinpoint malicious service providers and even autocorrects the bad results with good results and thus improving the result quality of the cloud data processing service. With the absence of attestation scheme, any malicious attacker can change original input data and with this the processing result of that input will be corrupted which will result in degraded result quality. IntTest presents attestation data and correct compromised data processing results. Function Combination Generator given with IntTest, it can achieve higher detection accuracy than any other techniques when malicious service providers attack more nodes. This method will identify the attackers even though they attack a very low percentage of services. This technique can achieve higher detection rate than any other existing scheme and will have low false alarm rate than others. Comparison Study Below is the table that compares various parameters like detection rate, time and attestation overhead among various approaches like AdapTest, RunTest, and IntTest with no Function Combination Generator and IntTest with Function Combination Generator. 5 CONCLUSION In this paper we introduced a technique called Function Combination Generator for IntTest, a novel integrated service integrity attestation graph analysis scheme for multitenant software-as-a-service cloud system. Function Combination Generator generates diffsaerent set of patterns for service functions and then IntTest uses a reply based consistency check to verify the service providers. IntTest with Function Combination Generator analyses both the consistency and inconsistency graphs to find the malicious attackers efficiently than any other existing techniques. And also it provides a result auto correction to improve result quality.

Edna Pontellier and Social Limitations in Kate Chopins Awakening Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In discussing Kate Chopin's novel, The Awakening, critic Susan Rosowski categorizes the novel under the heading of "the novel of awakening" and differentiates it from the bildungsroman, the apprentice novel, in which the usually male protagonist "learn the nature of the world, discover its meaning and pattern, and acquire a philosophy of life and ‘the art of living'" (Bloom 43). In the novel of awakening, the female protagonist similarly learns about the world, but for the heroine, the world is defined in terms of love and marriage, and "the art of living" comes with a realization that such art is difficult or impossible; the price for the art is often tragic endings. Rosowski calls this female awakening "an awakening to limitations" (Bloom 43). Rosowski's reading of the novel emphasizes the role gender plays in shaping a male narrative versus a female narrative. If read as a suicide, then Edna Pontellier's last swim is a consequence of her awak ening to the limitations of her femaleness in a male-dominant society. But on a metaphysical level, especially from the Buddhist perspective, The Awakening's final scene can be seen as Edna's ultimate gesture in trying to grasp the essence of her being.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my research, I found no material that connects Buddhism with The Awakening. There are, however, some things written about the book based on Christian theology. The criticism is that Kate Chopin's novel glorifies extramarital sexual relationships, relegates humans to the level of amoral animals, and generally denies the supreme importance of Christian doctrines' role in one's life. While I shook my head at the idea that religion can be taken so seriously that literature is seen only under the narrow light that a god casts ... ..., and first reincarnation. It is as if Edna is retracing her reincarnations to go back to the empty space from which her first attachments came and created her self. And thus we come to the end of Edna's spiritual journey. Works Cited Bercholz, Samuel, and Shearb Chà ¶dzin Kohn, eds. Entering the Stream: An Introduction to the Buddha and His Teachings. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1993. Bloom, Harold, ed. Kate Chopin. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Chopin, Kate. The Awakening and Selected Stories. New York: Penguin Books, 1986. "Nature." The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. 1993 ed. Saddhatissa, Hammalawa. Buddhist Ethics: The Path to Nirvana. London: Wisdom Publications, 1987. Schuhmacher, Stephan, et al., eds. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1989.

Conforming to Society: individuality and dignity Essay

Conforming to Society Fitting into society comes with the need to be yourself in hopes that other people will accept you for who you truly are. One’s individuality and dignity are automatically taken away by the desire to fit in. Many people believe that others should act a certain way to be â€Å"normal† like everyone else without having the need to be their own person and expressing themselves, while at the same time being accepted by society for who they truly are. Take Tom Leppard as an example, a bizarre individual, identified in the article, â€Å"The Sociology of Leopard Man,† by Logan Feys, an online blogger, and high school teacher. Feys describes Tom Leppard as an extraordinary individual that does not feel the need to act like everyone else in society. When it comes to being an individual the unique aspects that make us who we are often overshadowed by society’s pressure to conform when in reality we should be accepted and respected for our individuality. Many do not realize that living a different lifestyle outside of the normal society could actually make them happier rather than following the â€Å"norm†. In the article, Feys states, â€Å" Leopard Man- unlike many millions of people who are slaves to society’s demands- is happy.† (1) This quote helps show readers that you don’t have to live up to society’s demands in order to be happy. Just because many of us live under the impression to act a certain way doesn’t mean those that choose to live a non-conformist lifestyle should be forgotten about. To expand on Feys’ claim many that live differently from society get the chance to express their individuality which could, therefore, lead to them living a happier life, as Leopard Man has shown. Many will argue that society shouldn’t be forced to accept people that choose to live a non-conformist lifestyle. In the article, â€Å"Non-Conformists Conform†, Robin Hanson states, â€Å"Sometimes you can’t please everyone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even though this may be true society should still be able to accept them for who they are as people even though they may not be 100% on board with what they are doing. Many times non-conformist aren’t doing any harm which gives people no right to mistreat others that choose to have a different lifestyle than them. All people should be accepted and respected no matter if they choose to live a non-conformist lifestyle or not. In short, people like Tom Leppard should be able to live their life as they please while at the same time know that they are not being misjudged based on how they want to live their life. Many need to start seeing that even though they are not living up to society’s expectations it doesn’t mean that they are not a part of society. They should still be seen as normal human beings that are not afraid to show their own individual characteristics that make them unique. To conclude, people need to start to accept non-conformists as a part of society and not simply ignore their presence or misjudge/mistreat them based off of how they choose to live their life.

Jp Morgan&Co./ Chase Manhattan Bank Merger

JP Morgan&Co. / Chase Manhattan Bank Merger 1. Introduction The combining of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. (referenca 1) Mergers are a common practice in the business world because they enable increased efficiency and market share. 2. History 2. 1. JP Morgan&Co. J. P. Morgan & Co. , was founded in New York in 1871 as Drexel, Morgan & Co. by J. Pierpont Morgan and Philadelphia banker Anthony Drexel.The firm made its first big splash in 1879 when it sold financier William Vanderbilt’s New York Central Railroad stock without driving down the share price. (referenca 4) During the late 19th century and early 20th century J. P. Morgan & Co. financed a lot of engineering and innovative projects. Some examples funded by it are the Brooklyn Bridge and the Panama Canal construction. Besides these projects it was also present at the birth of aviation, providing banking services to the pioneering Wright brothers from the early years through their invention of the world’s first successful airplane. referenca 4)During the years of World War I r, J. P. Morgan & Co. aided the British and French, arranging a $500 million loan r, J. P. Morgan & Co. aided the British and French, arranging a $500 million loan. In 1959 Morgan merged with Guaranty Trust Co. (commercial and investment banking) to create Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, later forming a holding company that restored the famous J. P. Morgan & Co. name. (referenca 4) 2. 2. Chase Manhattan Bank Chase Manhattan Bank was formed in the year 1955 with the merger of Chase National Bank and the Bank of the Manhattan Company. referenca 2) In the 1970s, Chase added nearly 40 new branches, representative offices, affiliates, subsidiaries and joint ventures outside the United States. In 1973 Chase opened a representative office in Moscow, which was the first presence for a U. S. bank i n the Soviet Union since the 1920s. It also became the first U. S. correspondent to the Bank of China since Chinese Revolution . (referenca 4) During the 1970s and 1980s the Chase Manhattan Bank was led by David Rockefeller, and it emerged as one of the largest and most prestigious banking concerns.It had leadership positions in syndicated lending, treasury and securities services, credit cards, mortgages, and retail financial services. (referenca3) The Chase Money Card was the first Visa debit card offered by a bank in New York. In 1985 Spectrum was launched, which is an electronic home banking service that not only permitted banking transactions but also allowed customers to buy and sell stocks through a discount broker affiliated with Chase. (referenca 4) Chase Manhattan Bank is the product of two megadeals that came earlier, its mergers with Manufacturers Hanover and Chemical. In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Corp. erged with Chemical Banking Corp. , under the name of Chemical Ban king Corp. , then the second-largest banking institution in the United States. (referenca5) Then in 1996 Thomas G. Labrecque merged the Chase Manhattan Bank with the Chemical Banking Corp. (referenca2) This merger created the largest bank holding company in the United States at that time, and it was prior to the merger with JP Morgan&Co. 3. JP&Morgan Chase & Co. On December 31 of year 2000 the two banks J. P. Morgan &Co. and Chase Manhattan Bank united to create the name of J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. keeping two of the most established names in U.S. banking. This merger created a financial services powerhouse and became a strong rival of firms such are Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley Dean Witter. (refernca 6) Before the merger the CEO of the Chase Manhattan Bank was William Harrison, and of the J. P. Morgan & Co. was Douglas Warner. After the creation of the combined company, J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. the Chief Executive and president was assigned William Harrison while Douglas Warner was retained as a chairman. (referenca 7) The merger was approved by the Federal Reserve Board on December 11 and by the New York Banking Board on December 14, 2000. referenca 8)   Ã‚  In 1999, the two banks combined had net income of approximately $7. 5 billion and revenue of approximately $31 billion. With the settlement of the deal, valued $36 billion, it acquired $660 billion of assets. (referenca 6) Under the deal J. P. Morgan stockholders received 3. 7 shares of Chase. The newly created company is a financial holding company, a global financial services firm and a banking institution in the United States of America. It operates worldwide, in more than 60 countries to provide corporate banking solutions to clients. referenca 3) It is engaged in different kinds of activities such are in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing, asset management and private equity. (referenca 9) After the merger of the year 2000 came more mergers and acquisitions of the Company with other institutions that would shape it to its final form. Below are listed some of the most important ones: * In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. , keeping the name JPMorgan Chase & Co. by uniting the investment and commercial banking skills of J. P.Morgan Chase with the consumer banking strengths of Bank One. (referenca 5) * In 2008, J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. acquired The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. , strengthening its capabilities across a broad range of businesses, including prime brokerage, cash clearing and energy trading globally. (referenca 4) * In 2008,   J. P. Morgan Chase & Co. paid $1. 9 billion to the F. D. I. C. to acquire all of WaMu’s assets, branches and deposits. With WaMu, J. P. Morgan had $905 billion in deposits and 5,400 branches nationwide, rivaling Bank of America in size and reach. (referenca 9) The major businesses of the J. P.Morgan a re: * Investment Banking- The firm serves 8,000 clients in more than 60 countries. Clients include  corporations,  financial institutions, governments and  institutional investors. (referenca 10) It offers a full range of investment banking products and services in all major capital markets. * Card Services- The company has 94 million cards in circulation and $135 billion in managed loans. (referenca 10) They are distributed and designed to satisfy the needs individual consumers, small businesses and partner companies. * Retail Financial Services-It is formed to help consumers and businesses with their financial needs.This sector includes  consumer banking, small business banking, auto, education, insurance and home finance. * Commercial Banking-Serves its clients with activities like lending, treasury services, investment banking and asset management. (referenca 5) * Treasury & Securities Services- Is one of the largest cash management providers in the world to support the CFOs, treasurers, issuers and  investors. (referenca 10) * Asset Management- A global leader in managing investments and wealth for its clients. References: 1. http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/merger. asp#axzz2IEmsQoNR 2. http://www. ndb. com/company/684/000052528/ 3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase#Controversies 4. http://www. jpmorganchase. com/corporate/About-JPMC/document/shorthistory. pdf 5. http://www. jpmorganchase. com/corporate/About-JPMC/jpmorgan-history. htm 6. http://www. forbes. com/2000/10/18/1016topdeals_2. html 7. http://cnnfn. cnn. com/2000/09/13/deals/chase_morgan/ 8. http://www. innercitypress. org/jpmcmb1. html 9. http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/morgan_j_p_chase_and_company/index. html? offset=10&s=newest 10. http://www. marketswiki. com/mwiki/JPMorgan_Chase_%26_Co.

Smoking And Health Outcomes Health And Social Care Essay

This essay will try to analyze assorted articles in order to try replying four chief inquiries go arounding around smoking and wellness results. Specific mentions will be made to Anu Katainen s article: Social category differences in the histories of smoking â€Å" endeavoring for differentiation? The four chief inquiries revolve around how different groups account for their smoke and how societal factors, category factors and personal positions influence facets of smoke and wellness results.Question 1: How different groups account for their smokePrevious surveies have suggested that smoke is a pick and that the research participants in these surveies emphasise the positive points of smoke and restrain every bit far as possible from speaking about their dependence and the negative points of smoke ( Katainen 2010:1091 ) . In this treatment we will specifically mention to Katainen s research survey. The focal point of Katainen survey was on the cultural and societal facets of smoke ( Katainen 2010:1090 ) . Her survey consisted out of interviews conducted with two groups viz. manual and non-manual workers, aged between 24 and 58, the workers came from diverse work environments ( Katainen 2010:1090 ) . The interviews covered two chief subjects existent smoke behavior and the significances which attributed to smoking ( Katainen 2010:1090 ) . First we will discourse the consequences of the non-manual workers. The first determination in Katainen s ( 2010:1091 ) survey provinces that non-manual workers link smoking with E?pleasurable minutes. Non-manual workers do non merely see smoking portion of mundane life but besides see it as a memorabilia to singular minutes in life ( Katainen 2010:1091 ) . The one respondent expressed the followers: It s like a small bead of A ¦like the concluding touch at some fantastic minutes ( Katainen 2010:1091 ) . The following determination was singular, the respondents considered their smoke as an single wont and emphasised their ain individualism ( Katainen 2010:1091 ) . They province that their smoke cues were non dependant on others ( Katainen 2010:1092 ) . This was interesting due to the fact that it is by and large accepted that smoke is a societal dependence. The respondents refrained from lending to any generalizations or stereotypes ( Katainen 2010:1092 ) . This determination was besides applicable to white-collar respondents, who found it hard to depict or categorize themselves ( Katainen 2010:1092 ) . Another noteworthy find was that no category differentiations were made associating to smoking but differentiations were instead made associating to smoking wonts ( Katainen 2010:1092 ) . An illustration made, was that for certain participants smoking in the smoke room, at the work topographic point, was considered uncomfortable, and these participants would see their smoke as different from the other tobacco users being their smoke was a voluntary act and the other tobacco users smoking was more a modus operandi or an dependence ( Katainen 2010:1093 ) . Adding on to the above mentioned were besides the white-collar respondents who made a clear division between functional smoke and everyday smoke ( Katainen 2010:1093 ) . Smoke was considered more acceptable if it had a map ( e.g. relaxation after a nerve-racking state of affairs ) and less acceptable when it was done routinely ( e.g. smoking whilst walking indicates dependence ) ( Katainen 2010:1093 ) . Although it may look that the respondents all considered smoke in a positive manner there was an exclusion with two respondents, who had a negative attitude towards their ain smoke ( Katainen 2010:1093 ) . In general middle-class respondents viewed their ain smoke as witting Acts of the Apostless and reacted with disgust towards anybody who could non command their E?appetites ( Katainen 2010:1093-1094 ) . Next we will discourse the consequences of the manual workers. In researching the manual workers histories for smoke, consequences proved to be most surprising. Positive concluding such as rebellion, independency and wont which is associated with smoke was expected to correlate with the motive of manual workers but these premises were proven incorrect to some grade ( Katainen 2010:1094 ) . The first positive motive mentioned for smoke was in the instance of work context, for these respondents smoking provided a legitimate ground for interruption every bit good as protracting interruptions ( Katainen 2010:1093-1094-1095 ) . Harmonizing to the respondents the most important ground for their smoke was relaxation, for emphasis and anxiousness increased their smoke wont ( Katainen 2010:1095 ) . For illustration the one respondent, Antti ( R49 ) , said that smoke helps quiet you in minutes when something truly pisses you off ( Katainen 2010:1095 ) . Another positive facet of smoke was the sociableness of smoke ; it made it easier to acquire acquainted with other workers ( Katainen 2010:1095 ) . Smoke was at its most gratifying when uniting coffin nails with java ( Katainen 2010:1095 ) . Although there are a batch of similarities between the positive facets of smoke for both manual and non-manual workers the bulk of results remain different ( Katainen 2010:1095 ) . When discoursing the facets of smoking with manual workers they were more inclined to portray the negative facets of smoke and found it hard to portray positive facets of smoke ( Katainen 2010:1095 ) . This can be clearly seen through the interviews conducted with two of the respondents ( Katainen 2010:1096 ) : Int: Why do you smoke? R50: That s a good inquiry [ laughs ] ! I don t know. It s merely a bad wont. I don t hold anything wise to state about it. Int: Don t you think there s anything positive in smoke? R50: Well I haven t found anything positive yet. I can t believe what could be positive about it. ( 39-year-old male, building worker ) Int: Why do you smoke? R54: Because I m dependent on nicotine. It s every bit simple as that. It s a wont. ( 27-year- old female, building worker ) Non-manual workers accounted for their smoke through justifications and manual workers accounted for their smoke through alibis ( Katainen 2010:1096 ) . For white-collar workers smoking was a witting act/decision ; blue-collar workers on the other manus described it as compulsive, rooted in day-to-day modus operandis and merely happened ( Katainen 2010:1096-1097 ) . Thus the important point that differentiates manual workers from non-manual workers is the manner in which they account for their smoke ( Katainen 2010:1097 ) . There are multiple grounds why these histories differ the five chief facets are the undermentioned. First the different working environments of the two groups have a major impact, for smoke is more common in manual work environments ( Katainen 2010:1097 ) . Second the sum of coffin nails smoked on a day-to-day footing differs greatly among the two groups and thirdly the deficiency of justifications among manual workers every bit good as the accent on negative facets has another great influence ( Katainen 2010:1097 ) . The following major impact was the interviewees because they were female and the male respondents most probably would reply their inquiries in a manner that would do them sound good and hence go forth a good feeling ( Katainen 2010:1098 ) .Then in conclusion the inactive positions among the manual workers have a great influence over their thought procedures ( Katainen 2010:1098 ) . [ Word count: 1002 ]Question 2: Identify societal factors runing in the logical thinking behind smokeIn general it has been proposed that the ground behind the societal differences account for smoke is that educated people are more concerned about wellness related issues and therefore are more goaded to give up smoke ( Katainen 2010:1088 ) . Contradictory to the above mentioned, the latest surveies on category and wellness reveal that all societal groups consider wellness every bit of import but the ways in which these groups execute this importance differs ( Katainen 2010:1088 ) . The upper categories consider wellness as a norm that should be achieved which is reflected in day-to-day patterns, where lower categories consider wellness as enabling day-to-day modus operandis. In her article Katainen ( 2010:1088 ) references that it is of import to detect that surveies on wellness behavior may overrate the significance of witting wellness considerations in mundane life. Terminology used in wellness research may differ from nomenclature used in mundane life for illustration ; habitus termed as E?health behavior, in wellness research, is in mundane life more likely to be governed by modus operandis, cultural forms and societal patterns, than made by a witting attempt to better one s wellness as suggested by wellness research ( Katainen 2010:1088 ) . Habitus is E?the manner society becomes deposited in individuals in the signifier of permanent temperaments ( Wacquant 2005: 316 ) . For Katainen ( 2010:1089 ) Bourdieu s construct of habitus A ¦for the different societal groups, it serves as a common frame of reading through which action becomes apprehensible, based on shared life conditions and life events ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) . In contrast to this habitus has besides been critiqued for being excessively deterministic, people are more cognizant of the regulations and determiners of societal life, more than Bourdieu seemed to presume ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) . Another point Katainen makes is when mentioning to the societal significance of patterns and its ability to bespeak societal distance, which is derived from the place it has in the system of objects and patterns and is non derived from the built-in belongings of the pattern ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) , therefore it is of import obtaining objects and holding complete cognition on their use but besides the manner of gestating them in relation to others ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) . This returns to health-related affairs being personal thoughts of one s behavior every bit good as people actively negociating their topographic point in the universe and constructing and keeping their societal individualities as Katainen ( 2010:1089 ) acknowledged. Through her interviews Katainen besides observed that for some participants smoke was a socialising tool assisting them to do friends and acquire to cognize people ( Katainen 2010:1095 ) . To back up the above mentioned Katainen ( 2010:1097 ) besides states that a societal environment in which smoke is really common and, in a sense, axiomatic, may easy ease its continuation without break, and accordingly does non make the demand to warrant the wont. One can reason that smoke has a broad scope of societal factors that contributes to persons taking up smoke every bit good as halting it. These factors range from personal issues to societal surroundings for illustration ; smoke can come from personal wonts, civilization, and instruction to socialization tools. [ Word count: 502 ]Question 3: Address the function of category in wellness resultIn this inquiry we will discourse three articles of three separate writers viz. Katainen, Henry and Stacey. We will get down with Katainen. In her research Katainen ( 2010:1087 ) provinces that it is by and large accepted that in-between and upper categories tend to populate long healthy lives whereas lower categories tend to populate short lives filled with unwellness. Although certain research workers consider category and societal classs as disentangled from the modern twenty-four hours issues, smoking provides the cogent evidence of the uninterrupted importance of category ( Katainen 2010:1087 ) . In Western states smoking seems to be a tendency under the lower socioeconomic groups bespeaking to inequalities in wellness ( Katainen 2010:1087-1088 ) . Harmonizing to the habitus construct, people s behavior and determinations are affected by their life conditions ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) . Where people live will bespeak what they can afford, their penchants and what is appropriate for their category ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) . For illustration a truck driver eating heavy, fatty repasts and a immature white-collar adult female preferring a light salad: the rightness of certain wonts is related to the single s societal place ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) Smoking inclinations do non merely alteration because of wellness but besides by the image one wants to portray to society ( Katainen 2010:1089 ) . Next we will look at Paul Henry s article ( 2001 ) : An Examination of the Pathways Through Which Social Class Impacts Health Outcomes. In his article Henry ( 2001:07 ) discusses the different motives for the continuation of smoke ( Henry 2001:07 ) . The most important influence among the lower categories was that of equal force per unit area ( Henry 2001:07 ) . Amongst the higher upper categories wellness was considered an inherently of import norm ( Henry 2001:07 ) . Upper classes tend to see good wellness as something you must accomplish, a end to work towards whereas lower category viewed good wellness as a means-to-an-end ( Henry 2001:07 ) . For lower categories wellness was valued in the sense that it allowed them to work and hold fiscal stableness ( Henry 2001:07 ) . This could be best described through the comparing of an upper category single exercise and eating healthy ( good wellness demands to be gained and maintained ) whereas the lower category person would see good wellness as merely doing it through the twenty-four hours peacefully without unneeded strains ( Henry 2001:07 ) . The last article we will be discoursing is that of Stacey, M. ( 1998 ) : The Plurality of Mending Systems in Tudor and Stuart England. In her survey Stacey researched category systems in the late 1970 s. In this epoch there was a clear category and gender division which had a major impact on wellness results. Peoples populating in the towns had a greater assortment of wellness attention than people populating in the countryside who were dependent on common people therapists ( Stacey 1998:39 ) . Well off people, who could pay, had a broad assortment of knowing physicians ( elect doctors ) although fees sometimes differ ( Stacey 1998:39 ) . The hapless were left to depend on cunning common people and assorted therapists go forthing them to a hapless diagnostic and intervention ( Stacey 1998:39 ) . Back in this epoch it is of import to besides observe gender division. Womans were left to run the families and hence had a greater duty of wellness care and Restoration for the whole household for the greatest sum of mending took topographic point at place ( Stacey 1998:39 ) . Here gender and category overlapped for lower category housewives all had similar accomplishments and cognition and therefore were dependent on upper category neighbors, for upper category homemakers had more cognition and accomplishments and hence ministered their poorer neighbors every bit good as their ain families ( Stacey 1998:39 ) .One can reason that over the old ages category has and will stay an of import factor in wellness results. ( Word count: 597 )Question 4: What societal factors influence and determine your determinations about wellness picksThere is a assortment of societal factors which influence my positions and determinations go arounding around wellness issues more specifically smoking. The first most of import fact I must edify you with, in order for you to understand my motives, is that I am a non-smoker. The first influence would be through societal establishments viz. household and faiths. Family and faith are the two chief facets which shapes an person into who they are. I was brought up in a conservative yet unfastened minded Christian family. My parents taught me it was incorrect to smoke and demo disrespect towards others, my faith Tells me, through the Ten Commandments, to esteem and obey my parents. These two societal establishments act as a signifier of societal control. My parents were fondly and my faith cost me no injury and therefore I had no demand to arise against them. The 2nd and most of import societal influence was my instruction. I have learned the undermentioned list of facts over the old ages. First baccy consists out of 4500 chemicals, the chief toxicants in baccy are ; a ) Cd ( auto batteries ) , B ) DDT ( insect powder ) , c ) H nitrile ( gas Chamberss ) , vitamin D ) methylbenzene ( industrial dissolver ) , e ) vinyl chloride ( plastics ) ( National Council Against Smoking ) . Tobacco besides consists out of 43 unknown carcinogens which are malignant neoplastic disease doing agents ( National Council Against Smoking ) . Smoking well increases the hazard of TB ( TB ) and decease ( National Council Against Smoking ) . Smoking besides causes the undermentioned diseases viz. : malignant neoplastic disease of the oral cavity, lingua, lip, nasal, salivary secretory organs, voice box and the lungs every bit good as sphacelus ; shots ; redness of the oculus and unnatural motions of the oculus ; cataracts and psoriasis ( National Council Against S moking ) . Another danger which is caused via smoke is second-hand fume. Second-hand fume consists out of 4000 chemicals where merely 250 are known and 50 % are known to do malignant neoplastic disease ( National Council Against Smoking ) . The most noteworthy chemicals are 1 ) arsenous anhydride ( a heavy metal toxin ) , 2 ) benzine ( a chemical found in gasolene ) , 3 ) Cd ( a metal used in batteries ) , 4 ) Cr ( a metallic component ) , 5 ) Ni ( a metallic component ) , 6 ) Po â€Å" 210 ( a chemical component that gives off radiation ) , 7 ) vinyl chloride ( a toxic substance used in plastics industry ) ( National Council Against Smoking ) . Second-smoke besides causes a assortment of unwellnesss under which is TB and a battalion of malignant neoplastic diseases ( National Council Against Smoking ) . The last influences are of a personal nature I am a terpsichorean ( concert dance and modern ) and as seen in the above mentioned smoking causes multiple wellness jobs. Dancing is my manner of loosen uping and maintaining fit and for that one needs a healthy organic structure. I besides suffer from asthma and smoke will merely decline my asthma and coerce me to halt the thing I love in life dance. In my household we are besides susceptible to malignant neoplastic disease and smoke doubles my opportunities of developing malignant neoplastic disease. The above mentioned can be associate to all wellness issues and non merely smoking [ Word count: 500 ]DecisionOne can clearly observe that through the eras category has remained an of import factor when act uponing wellness results. Another important determination is that all the assorted writers had the same position point affecting the lower and upper category differentiations. The lower categories viewed wellness as an mundane experience, where the upper categories viewed wellness as a end something to work towards, an purpose that needs to be achieved. Lower categories accounted for their smoke as an unmanageable desire and identified their wont most comfortably with negative facets. The upper categories viewed smoke as a witting act or determination and identified their wont most comfortably with positive facets. There were assorted similarities between the two groups but the most cardinal similarity was that both groups viewed smoke as a relaxation tool. Social factors, including societal establishments and societal control measurings, play an every bit of im port function as subscriber to get down or halt smoke every bit good as to wellness results. The last of import factor is that these surveies provided the grounds to turn out generalizations and pigeonholing incorrect till a certain grade.